es:di and the second immediate follows the call in the code stream.malloc, hence the "m" suffix) for the new string and store the modified result there rather than changing the source string(s). These routines always return a pointer to the newly created string in the es:di registers. In the event of a memory allocation error (insufficient memory), these routines with the "m" or "ml" suffix return the carry flag set. They return the carry clear if the operation was successful.
StrBDel removes any leading spaces from the string pointed at by es:di. It actually modifies the source string. StrBDelm makes a copy of the string on the heap with any leading spaces removed. If there are no leading spaces, then the StrBDel routines return the original string without modification. Note that these routines only affect leading spaces (those appearing at the beginning of the string). They do not remove trailing spaces and spaces in the middle of the string. See Strtrim if you want to remove trailing spaces. Examples:
MyString byte " Hello there, this is my string",0
MyStrPtr dword MyString
.
.
.
les di, MyStrPtr
strbdelm ;Creates a new string w/o leading spaces,
jc error ; pointer to string is in ES:DI on return.
puts ;Print the string pointed at by ES:DI.
free ;Deallocate storage allocated by strbdelm.
.
.
.
; Note that "MyString" still contains the leading spaces.
; The following printf call will print the string along with
; those leading spaces. "strbdelm" above did not change MyString.
printf
byte "MyString = '%s'\n",0
dword MyString
.
.
.
les di, MyStrPtr
strbdel
; Now, we really have removed the leading spaces from "MyString"
printf
byte "MyString = '%s'\n",0
dword MyString
.
.
.
Output from this code fragment:
Hello there, this is my string MyString = ' Hello there, this is my string' MyString = 'Hello there, this is my string'
strcat(xx) routines perform string concatenation. On entry, es:di points at the first string, and for strcat/strcatm dx:si points at the second string. For strcatl and strcatlm the second string follows the call in the code stream. These routines create a new string by appending the second string to the end of the first. In the case of strcat and strcatl, the second string is directly appended to the end of the first string (es:di) in memory. You must make sure there is sufficient memory at the end of the first string to hold the appended characters. Strcatm and strcatml create a new string on the heap (using malloc) holding the concatenated result. Examples:
String1 byte "Hello ",0
byte 16 dup (0) ;Room for concatenation.
String2 byte "world",0
; The following macro loads ES:DI with the address of the
; specified operand.
lesi macro operand
mov di, seg operand
mov es, di
mov di, offset operand
endm
; The following macro loads DX:SI with the address of the
; specified operand.
ldxi macro operand
mov dx, seg operand
mov si, offset operand
endm
.
.
.
lesi String1
ldxi String2
strcatm ;Create "Hello world"
jc error ;If insufficient memory.
print
byte "strcatm: ",0
puts ;Print "Hello world"
putcr
free ;Deallocate string storage.
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;Create the string
strcatml ; "Hello there"
jc error ;If insufficient memory.
byte "there",0
print
byte "strcatml: ",0
puts ;Print "Hello there"
putcr
free
.
.
.
lesi String1
ldxi String2
strcat ;Create "Hello world"
printf
byte "strcat: %s\n",0
.
.
.
; Note: since strcat above has actually modified String1,
; the following call to strcatl appends "there" to the end
; of the string "Hello world".
lesi String1
strcatl
byte "there",0
printf
byte "strcatl: %s\n",0
.
.
.
The code above produces the following output:
strcatm: Hello world strcatml: Hello there strcat: Hello world strcatl: Hello world there
scasb instruction. However, you do not have to specify an explicit length when using this function as you would for scasb.es:di points at the string you want to search through, al contains the value to search for. On return, the carry flag denotes success (C=1 means the character was not present in the string, C=0 means the character was present). If the character was found in the string, cx contains the index into the string where strchr located the character. Note that the first character of the string is at index zero. So strchr will return zero if al matches the first character of the string. If the carry flag is set, then the value in cx has no meaning. Example:
; Note that the following string has a period at location
; "HasPeriod+24".
HasPeriod byte "This string has a period.",0
.
.
.
lesi HasPeriod ;See strcat for lesi definition.
mov al, "." ;Search for a period.
strchr
jnc GotPeriod
print
byte "No period in string",cr,lf,0
jmp Done
; If we found the period, output the offset into the string:
GotPeriod: print
byte "Found period at offset ",0
mov ax, cx
puti
putcr
Done:
This code fragment produces the output:
Found period at offset 24
strcmp or stricmp, es:di points at the first string and dx:si points at the second string. Strcmp compares the first string to the second and returns the result of the comparison in the flags register. Strcmpl operates in a similar fashion, except the second string follows the call in the code stream. The stricmp and stricmpl routines differ from their counterparts in that they ignore case during the comparison. Whereas strcmp would return 'not equal' when comparing "Strcmp" with "strcmp", the stricmp (and stricmpl) routines would return "equal" since the only differences are upper vs. lower case. The "i" in stricmp and stricmpl stands for "ignore case." Examples:
String1 byte "Hello world", 0
String2 byte "hello world", 0
String3 byte "Hello there", 0
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
ldxi String2 ;See strcat for ldxi definition.
strcmp
jae IsGtrEql
printf
byte "%s is less than %s\n",0
dword String1, String2
jmp Tryl
IsGtrEql: printf
byte "%s is greater or equal to %s\n",0
dword String1, String2
Tryl: lesi String2
strcmpl
byte "hi world!",0
jne NotEql
printf
byte "Hmmm..., %s is equal to 'hi world!'\n",0
dword String2
jmp Tryi
NotEql: printf
byte "%s is not equal to 'hi world!'\n",0
dword String2
Tryi: lesi String1
ldxi String2
stricmp
jne BadCmp
printf
byte "Ignoring case, %s equals %s\n",0
dword String1, String2
jmp Tryil
BadCmp: printf
byte "Wow, stricmp doesn't work! %s <> %s\n",0
dword String1, String2
Tryil: lesi String2
stricmpl
byte "hELLO THERE",0
jne BadCmp2
print
byte "Stricmpl worked",cr,lf,0
jmp Done
BadCmp2: print
byte "Stricmp did not work",cr,lf,0
Done:
strcpy and strdup routines copy one string to another. There is no strcpym or strcpyml routines. Strdup and strdupl correspond to those operations. The UCR Standard Library uses the names strdup and strdupl rather than strcpym and strcpyml so it will use the same names as the C standard library.Strcpy copies the string pointed at by es:di to the memory locations beginning at the address in dx:si. There is no error checking; you must ensure that there is sufficient free space at location dx:si before calling strcpy. Strcpy returns with es:di pointing at the destination string (that is, the original dx:si value). Strcpyl works in a similar fashion, except the source string follows the call.Strdup duplicates the string which es:di points at and returns a pointer to the new string on the heap. Strdupl works in a similar fashion, except the string follows the call. As usual, the carry flag is set if there is a memory allocation error when using strdup or strdupl. Examples:
String1 byte "Copy this string",0
String2 byte 32 dup (0)
String3 byte 32 dup (0)
StrVar1 dword 0
StrVar2 dword 0
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
ldxi String2 ;See strcat for ldxi definition.
strcpy
ldxi String3
strcpyl
byte "This string, too!",0
lesi String1
strdup
jc error ;If insufficient mem.
mov word ptr StrVar1, di ;Save away ptr to
mov word ptr StrVar1+2, es ; string.
strdupl
jc error
byte "Also, this string",0
mov word ptr StrVar2, di
mov word ptr StrVar2+2, es
printf
byte "strcpy: %s\n"
byte "strcpyl: %s\n"
byte "strdup: %^s\n"
byte "strdupl: %^s\n",0
dword String2, String3, StrVar1, StrVar2
Strdel and strdelm delete characters from a string. Strdel deletes the specified characters within the string, strdelm creates a new copy of the source string without the specified characters. On entry, es:di points at the string to manipulate, cx contains the index into the string where the deletion is to start, and ax contains the number of characters to delete from the string. On return, es:di points at the new string (which is on the heap if you call strdelm). For strdelm only, if the carry flag is set on return, there was a memory allocation error. As with all UCR StdLib string routines, the index values for the string are zero-based. That is, zero is the index of the first character in the source string. Example:
String1 byte "Hello there, how are you?",0
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
mov cx, 5 ;Start at position five (" there")
mov ax, 6 ;Delete six characters.
strdelm ;Create a new string.
jc error ;If insufficient memory.
print
byte "New string:",0
puts
putcr
lesi String1
mov ax, 11
mov cx, 13
strdel
printf
byte "Modified string: %s\n",0
dword String1
This code prints the following:
New string: Hello, how are you? Modified string: Hello there
strins(xx) functions insert one string within another. For all four routines es:di points at the source string into you want to insert another string. Cx contains the insertion point (0..length of source string). For strins and strinsm, dx:si points at the string you wish to insert. For strinsl and strinsml, the string to insert appears as a literal constant in the code stream. Strins and strinsl insert the second string directly into the string pointed at by es:di. Strinsm and strinsml make a copy of the source string and insert the second string into that copy. They return a pointer to the new string in es:di. If there is a memory allocation error then strinsm/strinsml sets the carry flag on return. For strins and strinsl, the first string must have sufficient storage allocated to hold the new string. Examples:
InsertInMe byte "Insert >< Here",0
byte 16 dup (0)
InsertStr byte "insert this",0
StrPtr1 dword 0
StrPtr2 dword 0
.
.
.
lesi InsertInMe ;See strcat for lesi definition.
ldxi InsertStr ;See strcat for ldxi definition.
mov cx, 8 ;Însert before "<"
strinsm
mov word ptr StrPtr1, di
mov word ptr StrPtr1+2, es
lesi InsertInMe
mov cx, 8
strinsml
byte "insert that",0
mov word ptr StrPtr2, di
mov word ptr StrPtr2+2, es
lesi InsertInMe
mov cx, 8
strinsl
byte " ",0 ;Two spaces
lesi InsertInMe
ldxi InsertStr
mov cx, 9 ;In front of first space from above.
strins
printf
byte "First string: %^s\n"
byte "Second string: %^s\n"
byte "Third string: %s\n",0
dword StrPtr1, StrPtr2, InsertInMe
Note that the strins and strinsl operations above both insert strings into the same destination string. The output from the above code is
First string: Insert >insert this< here Second string: Insert >insert that< here Third string: Insert > insert this < here
Strlen computes the length of the string pointed at by es:di. It returns the number of characters up to, but not including, the zero terminating byte. It returns this length in the cx register. Example:
GetLen byte "This string is 33 characters long",0
.
.
.
lesi GetLen ;See strcat for lesi definition.
strlen
print
byte "The string is ",0
mov ax, cx ;Puti needs the length in AX!
puti
print
byte " characters long",cr,lf,0
Strlwr and Strlwrm convert any upper case characters in a string to lower case. Strupr and Struprm convert any lower case characters in a string to upper case. These routines do not affect any other characters present in the string. For all four routines, es:di points at the source string to convert. Strlwr and strupr modify the characters directly in that string. Strlwrm and struprm make a copy of the string to the heap and then convert the characters in the new string. They also return a pointer to this new string in es:di. As usual for UCR StdLib routines, strlwrm and struprm return the carry flag set if there is a memory allocation error. Examples:
String1 byte "This string has lower case.",0
String2 byte "THIS STRING has Upper Case.",0
StrPtr1 dword 0
StrPtr2 dword 0
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
struprm ;Convert lower case to upper case.
jc error
mov word ptr StrPtr1, di
mov word ptr StrPtr1+2, es
lesi String2
strlwrm ;Convert upper case to lower case.
jc error
mov word ptr StrPtr2, di
mov word ptr StrPtr2+2, es
lesi String1
strlwr ;Convert to lower case, in place.
lesi String2
strupr ;Convert to upper case, in place.
printf
byte "struprm: %^s\n"
byte "strlwrm: %^s\n"
byte "strlwr: %s\n"
byte "strupr: %s\n",0
dword StrPtr1, StrPtr2, String1, String2
The above code fragment prints the following:
struprm: THIS STRING HAS LOWER CASE strlwrm: this string has upper case strlwr: this string has lower case strupr: THIS STRING HAS UPPER CASE
strrev the string "ABCDEF" it will convert that string to "FEDCBA". As you'd expect by now, the strrev routine reverse the string whose address you pass in es:di; strrevm first makes a copy of the string on the heap and reverses those characters leaving the original string unchanged. Of course strrevm will return the carry flag set if there was a memory allocation error. Example:
Palindrome byte "radar",0
NotPaldrm byte "x + y - z",0
StrPtr1 dword 0
.
.
.
lesi Palindrome ;See strcat for lesi definition.
strrevm
jc error
mov word ptr StrPtr1, di
mov word ptr StrPtr1+2, es
lesi NotPaldrm
strrev
printf
byte "First string: %^s\n"
byte "Second string: %s\n",0
dword StrPtr1, NotPaldrm
The above code produces the following output:
First string: radar Second string: z - y + x
Strset and strsetm replicate a single character through a string. Their behavior, however, is not quite the same. In particular, while strsetm is quite similar to the repeat function (see "Repeat" on page 840), strset is not. Both routines expect a single character value in the al register. They will replicate this character throughout some string. Strsetm also requires a count in the cx register. It creates a string on the heap consisting of cx characters and returns a pointer to this string in es:di (assuming no memory allocation error). Strset, on the other hand, expects you to pass it the address of an existing string in es:di. It will replace each character in that string with the character in al. Note that you do not specify a length when using the strset function, strset uses the length of the existing string. Example:
String1 byte "Hello there",0
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
mov al, '*'
strset
mov cx, 8
mov al, '#'
strsetm
print
byte "String2: ",0
puts
printf
byte "\nString1: %s\n",0
dword String1
The above code produces the output:
String2: ######## String1: ***********
strspan, strspanl) or not a member of some character set (strcspan, strcspanl). These routines appear in the UCR Standard Library only because of their appearance in the C standard library. You should rarely use these routines. The UCR Standard Library includes some other routines for manipulating character sets and performing character matching operations. Nonetheless, these routines are somewhat useful on occasion and are worth a mention here.es:di. Strspan and strcspan want the address of the character set string in dx:si; the character set string follows the call with strspanl and strcspanl. On return, cx contains an index into the string, defined as follows:strspan, strspanl: Index of first character in source found in the character set.strcspan, strcspanl: Index of first character in source not found in the character set.cx contains the index into the string of the zero terminating byte.
Source byte "ABCDEFG 0123456",0
Set1 byte "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ",0
Set2 byte "0123456789",0
Index1 word ?
Index2 word ?
Index3 word ?
Index4 word ?
.
.
.
lesi Source ;See strcat for lesi definition.
ldxi Set1 ;See strcat for ldxi definition.
strspan ;Search for first ALPHA char.
mov Index1, cx ;Index of first alphabetic char.
lesi Source
lesi Set2
strspan ;Search for first numeric char.
mov Index2, cx
lesi Source
strcspanl
byte "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ",0
mov Index3, cx
lesi Set2
strcspnl
byte "0123456789",0
mov Index4, cx
printf
byte "First alpha char in Source is at offset %d\n"
byte "First numeric char is at offset %d\n"
byte "First non-alpha in Source is at offset %d\n"
byte "First non-numeric in Set2 is at offset %d\n",0
dword Index1, Index2, Index3, Index4
This code outputs the following:
First alpha char in Source is at offset 0 First numeric char is at offset 8 First non-alpha in Source is at offset 7 First non-numeric in Set2 is at offset 10
Strstr searches for the first occurrence of one string within another. es:di contains the address of the string in which you want to search for a second string. dx:si contains the address of the second string for the strstr routine; for strstrl the search second string immediately follows the call in the code stream.strstr or strstrl, the carry flag will be set if the second string is not present in the source string. If the carry flag is clear, then the second string is present in the source string and cx will contain the (zero-based) index where the second string was found. Example:
SourceStr byte "Search for 'this' in this string",0
SearchStr byte "this",0
.
.
.
lesi SourceStr ;See strcat for lesi definition.
ldxi SearchStr ;See strcat for ldxi definition.
strstr
jc NotPresent
print
byte "Found string at offset ",0
mov ax, cx ;Need offset in AX for puti
puti
putcr
lesi SourceStr
strstrl
byte "for",0
jc NotPresent
print
byte "Found 'for' at offset ",0
mov ax, cx
puti
putcr
NotPresent:
The above code prints the following:
Found string at offset 12 Found 'for' at offset 7
strbdel and strbdelm. Rather than removing leading spaces, however, they trim off any trailing spaces from a string. Strtrim trims off any trailing spaces directly on the specified string in memory. Strtrimm first copies the source string and then trims and space off the copy. Both routines expect you to pass the address of the source string in es:di. Strtrimm returns a pointer to the new string (if it could allocate it) in es:di. It also returns the carry set or clear to denote error/no error. Example:
String1 byte "Spaces at the end ",0
String2 byte " Spaces on both sides ",0
StrPtr1 dword 0
StrPtr2 dword 0
.
.
.
; TrimSpcs trims the spaces off both ends of a string.
; Note that it is a little more efficient to perform the
; strbdel first, then the strtrim. This routine creates
; the new string on the heap and returns a pointer to this
; string in ES:DI.
TrimSpcs proc
strbdelm
jc BadAlloc ;Just return if error.
strtrim
clc
BadAlloc: ret
TrimSpcs endp
.
.
.
lesi String1 ;See strcat for lesi definition.
strtrimm
jc error
mov word ptr StrPtr1, di
mov word ptr StrPtr1+2, es
lesi String2
call TrimSpcs
jc error
mov word ptr StrPtr2, di
mov word ptr StrPtr2+2, es
printf
byte "First string: '%s'\n"
byte "Second string: '%s'\n",0
dword StrPtr1, StrPtr2
This code fragment outputs the following:
First string: 'Spaces at the end' Second string: 'Spaces on both sides'
strxxx" routines listed in this section, there are many additional string routines available in the UCR Standard Library. Routines to convert from numeric types (integer, hex, real, etc.) to a string or vice versa, pattern matching and character set routines, and many other conversion and string utilities. The routines described in this chapter are those whose definitions appear in the "strings.a" header file and are specifically targeted towards generic string manipulation. For more details on the other string routines, consult the UCR Standard Library reference section in the appendices.